What is Polyvagal Theory?

Polyvagal Theory

Developed by Dr. Stephen Porges in 1994, the theory emerged from his work where he was studying the vagus nerve (a key part of the parasympathetic nervous system) and how it affects heart rate, behavior, and emotional regulation. 

The theory offers a neurophysiological framework to understand how our autonomic nervous system (ANS) responds to stress, safety, and connection. It's especially influential in trauma-informed therapy and somatic practices. Here's a breakdown of its key features and therapeutic applications:

 Key Features of Polyvagal Theory

1.  Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) includes the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system

Polyvagal Theory identifies a three-part hierarchy in how we respond to perceived safety or threat:

• Ventral Vagal Complex (VVC) – Social Engagement System

  • Linked to calm, safety, and social connection.

  • Regulates heart rate, facial expression, vocalization.

• Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) – Mobilization

  • Fight-or-flight response.

  • Activates in response to danger; prepares body for action.

• Dorsal Vagal Complex (DVC) – Immobilization

  • Freeze, shutdown, or collapse response.

  • Involved in extreme threat or helplessness.

2. Neuroception

• The unconscious detection of safety or threat by the nervous system.

• Happens below conscious awareness and shapes how we react before we think.

• In therapy, this means a client might "feel unsafe" even in a safe environment.

3. Co-Regulation

• Humans need nervous system regulation through connection with others.

• The therapist-client relationship can serve as a co-regulating, healing connection.

4. State-Dependent Behaviour

• Our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are deeply tied to our physiological state.

• You can’t expect high-level cognitive processing (like problem-solving) when a client is in a state of fear, shutdown, or panic.

  
  

Here are some ways that Polyvagal Theory can be implemented in Therapy

1. Tracking Nervous System States

2. Building Awareness & Regulation Skills

3. Creating a Safe Therapeutic Environment

4. Working with Trauma

5. Co-Regulation in the Therapy Room